从刘翔退赛谈谈集体主义(组图+视频)
forcode:百度贴吧里居然1个月前(7月17日)就有人 梦到刘翔退出奥运比赛,呵呵,这个帖子和今年5月7日百度贴吧里看到地震云预测有地震的牛人一样受到追捧,回帖数量瞬间过万。
刘翔退赛后的新闻发布会孙海平泣不成声,说刘翔赛前痛得发抖,听得让人心酸,在奥运空前强大的集体压力面前,任何一个个体都被群体的压力裹夹着,为了集体荣誉,个体的痛苦甚至生命一点都不重要。
社会学家迪尔凯姆的《自杀论》中,将社会整合程度作为解释自杀的因变量,通过分析欧洲不同宗教信仰国家的自杀率变化,认为过高或过低的社会整合程度,都可能导致自杀率上升。日本和中国都是集体主义高度发达的国家,日本武士失败之后的剖腹自杀,是最典型整合过度情况下的自杀;刘翔忍痛参加奥运以及刘翔教练孙海平在新闻发言会上的泣不成声,其实与日本武士道的剖腹自杀没有本质区别,只是程度不同罢了。
在社会内外环境比较恶劣的社会(比如历史上旱灾水灾交替不断的中国),集体主义往往占据上风。而对于欧洲的很多海洋国家,丰富的自然资源使得欧洲社会在历史上的生存环境要比中国历史上好得多,所以欧洲社会更容易更早地演化出个体主义文明。
随着科技的进步,人类对自然环境的控制力日渐增强,市场经济和知识经济的发展客观上要求给予个体足够的自由度,生存环境的全面改善使得个体主义在全球日益占据上风。综合而言,个体主义社会中的个体比集体主义社会中的个体更有创造力,因此,个体主义社会在近代以来取得了对集体主义社会的全面胜利。
然而,集体主义社会在某些方面的能力,仍然是要让个体主义社会里的自由个体们惊叹不已的,此次奥运开幕式之后,《纽约时报》上的专栏评论作者David Brooks就大大感慨了一番集体主义与个人主义(见本文末全文转载的译文和原文)。
forcode在“世界地图岛”为何可以成功?中分析了阿联酋在建造世界奇迹的卓越能力缘由:特殊主义的社会里才能培育出真正的贵族。集体主义(往往也是特殊主义)的社会里,统治者往往需要通过金字塔、复活节石像、万里长城或者巴厘岛的年度庆典这样宏伟的事物来证明自己的丰功伟绩、激发集体主义的自豪感,进而确立其合法性。
其实,奥运不过是一场运动会而已,至于这样吗?刘翔退赛就退赛嘛!令人愤慨的是,一直在直播110米跨栏的CCTV1,居然在刘翔退赛之后,立刻停止直播还没开始的比赛!!!这简直不可饶恕,难道我们都是在看刘翔吗?你凭什么假设我们都是在看刘翔?没有刘翔,居然连比赛都不转播了,CCTV的这种做法太过分了!!当然,这也从反面证明了CCTV转播奥运的唯一目的是激发中国人的集体自豪感。
刘翔的退赛,倒是大大打击了一下黄牛党,原来炒到8万的刘翔决赛门票,迅速跌落到2000以下(见下文中的2段视频)。还有人居然花了16万就是为了看刘翔的比赛,在百度贴吧里哭诉刘翔退赛让他的钱白花了,我只是好奇,能花16万看一场比赛的人是多么多么的有钱。
视频: [拍客]刘翔决赛门票被爆炒到8万
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_
视频: [拍客]刘翔门票降到2000
http://v.youku.com/v_show/id_
刘翔退赛之后五分钟之内有数万个问题涌现出来:
刘翔还是英雄吗 ?
刘翔该反省下了~~
今天刘翔伤了你的心吗?
刘翔退出比赛,是男人吗?
刘翔,你在戏耍国人吗?
今天,你对刘翔失望没有
刘翔的病是装的吗,是吗?
刘翔依然是大家的偶像对吗?
刘翔的退出是民族英雄还是临阵脱逃???
愚弄我们吗?刘翔因伤退赛?好端端的怎么因伤退赛?奇怪!!
花了16万来看刘翔~~~我不活了..我去死好了!!!!
花了16万就是为了来看刘翔跑完赛道,他就是用走的,我也不后悔啊..我从南通赶来..等了好久,花了家里的大部分资金…我…..我……晕倒~~~
作者: 221.227.179.* 2008-8-18 12:41
■大胆预言■ 刘翔将宣布退出奥运会
前天晚上作了一个梦,梦见刘翔召开新闻发布会,
很奇怪的一个梦,然后第二天就看到刘翔脚伤的报道,
请保留此帖,勿删,虽然我也是刘翔的粉丝,
作者: 218.90.146.* 2008-7-17 16:27
原题:中国和谐梦可能不输美国梦
David Brooks 文 盎山 译
译者按:北京奥运会开幕式上令人惊叹的整齐划一表演,
这个世界有很多种划分方式,贫穷的和富有的,民主的和极权的,
这种精神差异深深地影响了人们对世界的看法,
这一类的心理实验其实已经做过很多次,
心理学家理查德·尼斯贝特(译注:《思维的版图》作者)
我们可以把世界看成这样的一个全球共同体:
个人主义国家往往把权利和隐私摆在第一位。
研究者们一直在争论,
不管怎样,个人主义社会通常在经济上表现出色。
不过,一旦集体主义社会摆脱了经济停滞,又会发生什么呢?
北京[的奥运]开幕式就是这场对话中一个无言的陈述。
开幕式回溯了中国悠久的历史,不过毫无疑问,
如果亚洲的成功重新引发了个人主义和集体主义的争论(
其中原因之一是:
中国的崛起不仅仅是一个经济事件,也是一个文化事件。
当然, 这个理念对雄心勃勃的独裁者来说更是得心应手。
文章原文:
Harmony and the Dream
By DAVID BROOKS
Chengdu, China
The world can be divided in many ways - rich and poor, democratic and authoritarian - but one of the most striking is the divide between the societies with an individualist mentality and the ones with a collectivist mentality.
This is a divide that goes deeper than economics into the way people perceive the world. If you show an American an image of a fish tank, the American will usually describe the biggest fish in the tank and what it is doing. If you ask a Chinese person to describe a fish tank, the Chinese will usually describe the context in which the fish swim.
These sorts of experiments have been done over and over again, and the results reveal the same underlying pattern. Americans usually see individuals; Chinese and other Asians see contexts.
When the psychologist Richard Nisbett showed Americans individual pictures of a chicken, a cow and hay and asked the subjects to pick out the two that go together, the Americans would usually pick out the chicken and the cow. They’re both animals. Most Asian people, on the other hand, would pick out the cow and the hay, since cows depend on hay. Americans are more likely to see categories. Asians are more likely to see relationships.
You can create a global continuum with the most individualistic societies - like the United States or Britain - on one end, and the most collectivist societies - like China or Japan - on the other.
The individualistic countries tend to put rights and privacy first. People in these societies tend to overvalue their own skills and overestimate their own importance to any group effort. People in collective societies tend to value harmony and duty. They tend to underestimate their own skills and are more self-effacing when describing their contributions to group efforts.
Researchers argue about why certain cultures have become more individualistic than others. Some say that Western cultures draw their values from ancient Greece, with its emphasis on individual heroism, while other cultures draw on more on tribal philosophies. Recently, some scientists have theorized that it all goes back to microbes. Collectivist societies tend to pop up in parts of the world, especially around the equator, with plenty of disease-causing microbes. In such an environment, you’d want to shun outsiders, who might bring strange diseases, and enforce a certain conformity over eating rituals and social behavior.
Either way, individualistic societies have tended to do better economically. We in the West have a narrative that involves the development of individual reason and conscience during the Renaissance and the Enlightenment, and then the subsequent flourishing of capitalism. According to this narrative, societies get more individualistic as they develop.
But what happens if collectivist societies snap out of their economic stagnation? What happens if collectivist societies, especially those in Asia, rise economically and come to rival the West? A new sort of global conversation develops.
The opening ceremony in Beijing was a statement in that conversation. It was part of China’s assertion that development doesn’t come only through Western, liberal means, but also through Eastern and collective ones.
The ceremony drew from China’s long history, but surely the most striking features were the images of thousands of Chinese moving as one - drumming as one, dancing as one, sprinting on precise formations without ever stumbling or colliding. We’ve seen displays of mass conformity before, but this was collectivism of the present - a high-tech vision of the harmonious society performed in the context of China’s miraculous growth.
If Asia’s success reopens the debate between individualism and collectivism (which seemed closed after the cold war), then it’s unlikely that the forces of individualism will sweep the field or even gain an edge.
For one thing, there are relatively few individualistic societies on earth. For another, the essence of a lot of the latest scientific research is that the Western idea of individual choice is an illusion and the Chinese are right to put first emphasis on social contexts.
Scientists have delighted to show that so-called rational choice is shaped by a whole range of subconscious influences, like emotional contagions and priming effects (people who think of a professor before taking a test do better than people who think of a criminal). Meanwhile, human brains turn out to be extremely permeable (they naturally mimic the neural firings of people around them). Relationships are the key to happiness. People who live in the densest social networks tend to flourish, while people who live with few social bonds are much more prone to depression and suicide.
The rise of China isn’t only an economic event. It’s a cultural one. The ideal of a harmonious collective may turn out to be as attractive as the ideal of the American Dream.
It’s certainly a useful ideology for aspiring autocrats.
来源:纽约时报 来源日期:2008-8-13
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08月 21st, 2008 at 03:18
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